Efficacy of lower limb compression in the management of vasovagal syncope--randomized, crossover study.

INTRODUCTION: Vasovagal syncope (VS) is the most prevalent cause of transient loss of consciousness. The treatment consists of lifestyle modifications and pacemaker in some patients. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of measures to compress the lower limbs in patients with recurrent episodes of VS submitted to the tilt-test (TT). METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty patients, average age 30.5 years (15-75), 13 (65%) female, with a clinical diagnosis of VS and previous TT with a positive result and who had at least one episode of syncope during the last year, were included in this placebo-controlled randomized crossover study. The patients underwent two consecutive TT, at a 1-hour interval, with and without compression by pneumatic compression boots with 40 mmHg at the heels and 30 mmHg for the legs. The blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) of these patients were monitored continuously. The outcome assessors were blinded. The results of the TT were positive in 13 (65%) of the patients in the control groups and in two (10%) of the patients with compression (P < 0.0001). Throughout the test, the systolic BP was not different among the groups. On the other hand, the HR measures showed a difference only in the tilted position at 2 minutes, of 73 ± 16 beats per minute (bpm) in the control group and of 69 ± 16 bpm (P = 0.047) in the compression group. CONCLUSION: Compression of the lower limbs is very effective to render the TT negative in patients with a diagnosis of VS.

Associação entre Saúde bucal e doença arterial coronária aterosclerótica em pacientes submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia: estudo transversal controlado / Association between oral health and coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography: a controlled cross-sectional study

Introdução: Doenças cardiovasculares e periodontais são condições inflamatórias comuns na população. Na aterosclerose,a condição inflamatória tem papel contínuo no desenvolvimento,desestabilização e ruptura da placa do ateroma. Existe evidência científica controversa em relação à associação entre periodontite crônica e doença arterial coronária (DAC). O objetivodo estudo foi verificar a associação entre periodontite crônica e DAC em nosso meio. Métodos: Estudo transversalcontrolado, com amostra de 206 pacientes sem DAC prévia e com indicação clínica de cineangiocoronariografia, submetidosa anamnese, exame físico e coleta de sangue para verificação de glicemia, perfil lipídico e proteína C-reativa. A presença de periodontite crônica foi determinada por exame clínicorealizado por periodontista, buscando avaliar quantidade de placa bacteriana, cálculos gengivais, sangramento, exsudato e sinais clássicos de inflamação. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 60,3 ± 10,1 anos e 60,2% eram do sexo masculino. DAC esteve presente em 126 pacientes (61,2%). Houve associação da presença de DAC com gênero [sexo masculino, odds ratio (OR) 2,18; P = 0,0075], idade (61-70 anos, OR 5,63; P = 0,0007) e escolaridade (ensino superior, OR 2,08;P = 0,02). Os biomarcadores inflamatórios não diferiram entre os grupos com e sem DAC. Sinais inflamatórios e placa bacterianaocorreram em 88% dos pacientes com DAC, índice ligeiramente superior ao observado naqueles sem DAC. Másaúde bucal, representada por perda de dentes, foi mais prevalente nos pacientes com DAC. O número de dentes faltantes foi de 14 ± 6,4 e de 11,9 ± 6,7 (P = 0,04) nos pacientes com e sem DAC, respectivamente. Conclusões: Há associação entre saúde bucal comprometida e DAC.

Associação entre o escore de Sheldon e o teste de inclinação no diagnóstico de síncope vasovagal / Association between Sheldon?s score and tilt test in the diagnosis of vasovagal syncope

Introdução: Síncope é uma situação comum. Há diversas etiologias. A mais prevalente é a vasovagal (SVV). O teste de inclinação (TI) é o exame de maior acurácia no diagnóstico da SVV, mas de difícil realização. O escore de Sheldon (ES) é um questionário composto por variáveis clínicas que, através do escore de pontos, identifica pacientes com SVV. O ES é de fácil aplicação e tem alta sensibilidade e especificidade.Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre o ES e o TI no diagnóstico de SVV.Material e métodos: Estudo transversal com pacientes consecutivos com um ou mais episódios de síncope, encaminhados para o TI. Responderam a um questionário padrão, ao ES e realizaram o TI. Considerou-se o TI como o padrão-áureo para o diagnóstico de SVV. Associou-se o resultado do TI com as diferentes pontuações do ES (positivo para =-2).Resultados: Estudamos 147 pacientes, sendo que 61 (61,8%) eram do sexo feminino e a média de idade foi de 42,3 anos (DP=22,4). Obteve-se 55 (37,4%) resultados positivos para o TI e ES. Dos TI negativo, 31,5% tiveram ES negativo. A probabilidade do ES em identificar TI positivo não foi significativa para =-2 (p=0,434). Quando o ES era positivo para =0; 62,2% dos pacientes com TI positivo tiveram ES positivo; dos pacientes com TI negativo, 64,4% tiveram ES negativo, tornando-se significativo (p=0,002, sensibilidade de 62,2%, especificidade de 64,4%).Conclusão: O ES é de fácil aplicação, de razoável sensibilidade e deve ser usado com o TI para identificação de pacientes com suspeita de SVV.

Comparison of two risk stratification models in elective coronary artery bypass patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the Cleveland Clinical Score and EuroSCORE when evaluating patients submitted to elective CABGS in Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil. METHODS; This was a cohort study of 202 patients given CABGS between January 2006 and March 2007. Surgical risk was categorized according to the Cleveland Clinic Score and the EuroSCORE as low, medium or high. The incidence of deaths was measured over a 60-day period. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 62 ± 10 years and 134 (66%) of them were men. A correlation was observed between the scores for classifying patients into different levels of risk. According to the Cleveland Clinic score and the EuroSCORE, respectively, patients were categorized as follows: 142(70.3%) and 155(76.7%) low risk patients, 56(27.7%) and 43(21.3) intermediate risk patients and 4(2%) and 4(2%) high risk patients; with a Kaplan correlation coefficient of 0.432; p0.001. Thirteen (13, 6.4%) patients died during the first 60 days after surgery. There was a correlation between greater incidence of death and higher risk categories for both the Cleveland Clinic score and the EuroSCORE. Deaths occurred in the Cleveland and EuroSCORE risk groups, respectively, as follows: 6 (4.4%) and 7 (4.5%) in the low risk group; 5 (8.9%) and 5 (11.6%) in the intermediate risk group and 2 (50%) 3 1(25%) in the high risk group. Observed sensitivity for surgical mortality prediction was 72.5% and 66.5% for the Cleveland score and EuroSCORE respectively. CONCLUSION: The Cleveland Clinic and EuroSCORE surgical risk prediction instruments are both moderately effective for predicting mortality among elective CABGS patients.

Influence of physical activity during leisure time in patients in the follow-up two years after CABG.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of physical activity in leisure time (LTPA) on the prognosis of patients two years after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: b Cohort study with 202 elective CABG patients, mean age of patients was 62 ± 10 years, 134 (66%) men divided into sedentary and active according their LTPA. Followed for two years after CAGB where the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACES) were found, and changes in physical activity. RESULTS: Thirty-eight had MACES. Twenty-nine were sedentary, nine active (P = 0.18). Active: three (4.5%) readmissions, three (4.5%) deaths and two (3%) stroke. Sedentary: seven (5.1%) acute myocardial infarction (AMI), seven (5.1%) readmissions, 16 (11.6%) deaths and one (0.7%) stroke. LTPA decreased from preoperative to the postoperative period. Sedentary: 2.09 (± 0.58) and 2.08 (± 0.57); active: 2.53 (± 0.73) and 2.33 (± 0.71). The leisure and locomotion activities in the preoperative and postoperative: Sedentary increased 2.08 (± 1.09) and 2.13 (± 0.78); active reduction 2.53 (± 0.73) and 2.27 (± 1.12). The 6-minute walk test increased pre and postoperative. Sedentary: 255 m (± 167.06 m) and 377 m (±190.63 m); active: 337 m (± 172.42 m) and 405 m (± 148.93 m). The veterans specific activity questionnaire increased the pre and postoperative. Sedentary: 4.39 (±1.80) and 6.99 (± 3.08); active: 4.44 (± 1.82) and 8.50 (± 3.16). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that LTPA does not modify the late prognostic of CABG patients, but CABG itself promotes physical activity and improves long-term functional capacity.

Influência da atividade física no tempo livre em pacientes no seguimento de até dois anos após CRM / Influence of physical activity during leisure time in patients in the follow-up two years after CABG

OBJETIVO: Verificar a influência da atividade física no tempo livre (AFTL) no prognóstico dos pacientes até dois anos após a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM). MÉTODOS: Coorte com 202 pacientes, idade média de 62 ± 10 anos, sendo 134 (66 por cento) homens, encaminhados para CRM, divididos em ativos e sedentários, conforme a AFTL. Acompanhados até dois anos após CRM onde foi verificada a ocorrência de eventos cardíacos adversos maiores (ECAM) e as modificações na prática da atividade física. RESULTADOS: Trinta e oito apresentaram ECAM, 29 eram sedentários e nove ativos (P= 0,18). Ativos: três (4,5 por cento) reinternações, três (4,5 por cento) óbitos e dois (3 por cento) acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Sedentários: sete (5,1 por cento) infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM), sete (5,1 por cento) reinternações, 16 (11,6 por cento) óbitos e um (0,7 por cento) AVC. AFTL diminuiu do pré para o pós-operatório. Ativos: 2,53 (±0,73) e 2,33 (±0,71); sedentários: 2,09 (±0,58) e 2,08 (±0,57). Atividade de lazer e locomoção diminuiu do pré para o pós-operatório nos ativos: 2,53 (±0,73) e 2,27 (±1,12) e aumentou nos sedentários 2,08 (±1,09) e 2,13 (±0,78). O teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) aumentou no pré e pós-operatório em ativos 337 (±172,42) e 405 (±148,93) e sedentários 255 (±167,06) e 377 (±190,63). O Veterans Specific Questionaire Activity (VSAQ) aumentou do pré para o pós-operatório em ativos 4,44 (±1,82) e 8,50 (±3,16) e sedentários 4,39 (±1,80) e 6,99 (±3,08). CONCLUSÃO: AAFTL não modifica o prognóstico tardio dos pacientes submetidos a CRM. A CRM promove a atividade física e melhora a capacidade funcional dos pacientes em longo prazo.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of physical activity in leisure time (LTPA) on the prognosis of patients two years after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS:b Cohort study with 202 elective CABG patients, mean age of patients was 62 ± 10 years, 134 (66 percent) men divided into sedentary and active according their LTPA. Followed for two years after CAGB where the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACES) were found, and changes in physical activity. RESULTS: Thirty-eight had MACES. Twenty-nine were sedentary, nine active (P=0.18). Active: three (4.5 percent) readmissions, three (4.5 percent) deaths and two (3 percent) stroke. Sedentary: seven (5.1 percent) acute myocardial infarction (AMI), seven (5.1 percent) readmissions, 16 (11.6 percent) deaths and one (0.7 percent) stroke. LTPA decreased from preoperative to the postoperative period. Sedentary: 2.09 (± 0.58) and 2.08 (± 0.57); active: 2.53 (± 0.73) and 2.33 (± 0.71). The leisure and locomotion activities in the preoperative and postoperative: Sedentary increased 2.08 (± 1.09) and 2.13 (± 0.78); active reduction 2.53 (± 0.73) and 2.27 (± 1.12). The 6-minute walk test increased pre and postoperative. Sedentary: 255 m (± 167.06 m) and 377 m (±190.63 m); active: 337 m (± 172.42 m) and 405 m (± 148.93 m). The veterans specific activity questionnaire increased the pre and postoperative. Sedentary: 4.39 (±1.80) and 6.99 (± 3.08); active: 4.44 (± 1.82) and 8.50 (± 3.16). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that LTPA does not modify the late prognostic of CABG patients, but CABG itself promotes physical activity and improves long-term functional capacity.

Changes in functional capacity of patients two years after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To check changes in the functional capacity of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) by testing six-minute walk test (6MWT) following two years. METHODS: A prospective cohort study where 215 patients were enrolled who underwent CABG, 13 did not meet the criteria for inclusion. 202 patients were evaluated preoperatively, 13 died during hospitalization and 6 in the follow up of two years. Four patients were considered lost follow up. This study followed 179 patients for two years classified into active and sedentary, according to physical activity in leisure time and to the 6MWT preoperatively and 2 years later. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty patients were evaluated in the day before CABGS, being 67% male with an average age of 63 (+/- 9.75) years. Before surgery and 2 years later, 52 were active and the 6MWT distances performed had been 359m (+/- 164.47) and 439m (+/- 171.34), respectively; P= 0.016. Forty five patients were classified as sedentary before and 2 years after surgery. The 6MWT distances walked before and after surgery had been 255m (+/- 172.15) and 376m (+/- 210.92), respectively; P < 0.001. Eighty two patients transited between these two groups, 71 passed from sedentary to active and had walked before and after surgery 289m (+/- 157.15) and 380m (+/- 125.44), respectively; P= 0.001. The 11 patients who were active and passed to the sedentary group walked 221m (+/- 191.91) and 384m (+/- 63.73), respectively; P= 0.007. CONCLUSION: The functional capacity of the patients submitted to CABGS had a significant improvement in a medium period of follow-up.

Impact of coronary artery bypass graft surgery in smoking cessation.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is an important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Few studies have investigated the frequency of smoking cessation among patients submitted to heart surgery. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of smoking cessation in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery. METHODS: In this cohort study, 203 consecutive patients, aged above 18, submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the period from January 2006 to March 2007, were interviewed in relation to the use of cigarettes in the pre- and postoperative period. Smokers were stratified according to the levels of nicotine dependence with the use of Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Test. They were followed as outpatients during 60 and 90 days for the occurrence of smoking. RESULTS: The mean age of the group was 62 +/- 10 years, and 134 (66%) were male. Before surgery, 146 (71.9%) patients were smokers. A significant number of patients stopped smoking in the postoperative period: 136 (93.15%) and 137 (93.84%) on days 60 and 90, respectively, remained not smoking after surgery. CONCLUSION: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery is an important determinant of smoking cessation.

Effect of leisure-time physical activity on the prognosis of coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in the early outcome of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). METHODS: This prospective cohort study analyzed 202 patients submitted to CABG. The patients were assigned to two groups, active or sedentary, according to the practice of LTPA in the preoperative period. The independent variable LTPA practiced by the patients in the previous year of the surgery was evaluated. The occurrence of the major adverse cardiac events as death, acute myocardial infarction, reoperation and the hospital stay after surgery were planned to be evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 62 +/- 10 years, and 134 (66%) were men. Sixty-six (33%) patients practiced LTPA and were classified as active, and 136 (67%) were sedentary. The active group showed 78% less probability (OR= 0.22; CI 95%: 0.09-0.51) to suffer a MACE P<0.001 and a reduction of 33% in length of hospital stay as compared for sedentary patients (HR= 0.67; IC 95%: 0.49 - 0.93). P= 0.018. CONCLUSION: LTPA is an important predictor of major adverse cardiac events and hospital stay.

Alterações na capacidade funcional de pacientes após dois anos da cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio / Changes in functional capacity of patients two years after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery

OBJETIVO: Verificar alterações na capacidade funcional dos pacientes que se submetem à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) por meio do teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) no seguimento de dois anos. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, no qual foram arrolados 215 pacientes submetidos a CRM, 13 não preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Foram 202 pacientes avaliados no pré-operatório, 13 morreram no período da internação e seis no seguimento de dois anos. Quatro pacientes foram considerados perdas de seguimento. Foram acompanhados 179 pacientes no período de 2 anos, classificados em ativos e sedentários, conforme a prática de atividade física no tempo livre e submetidos ao TC6 no préoperatório e 2 anos depois. RESULTADOS: Dos 202 pacientes avaliados no pré-operatório da CRM, 67 por cento eram do sexo masculino, com idade média de 63 (± 9,75) anos. Pré e após 2 anos da CRM, 52 pacientes se mantiveram ativos e as distâncias caminhadas foram 359m (± 164,47) e 439m (± 171,34), respectivamente, P= 0,016. A distância caminhada no pré e pós-operatório, dos 45 pacientes que permaneceram sedentários, foi, respectivamente, 255m (± 172,15) e 376m (± 210,92) P<0,001. Oitenta e dois pacientes transitaram entre estes dois grupos, 71 passaram de sedentários para ativos e caminharam 289m (± 157,15) no pré e 380m (± 125,44) no pós-operatório, P= 0,001; os 11 pacientes que eram ativos e passaram a sedentários caminharam no pré 221m (± 191,91) e, no pós-operatório, 384m (± 63,73) P= 0,007. CONCLUSÃO: A capacidade funcional dos pacientes submetidos à CRM melhorou de forma importante no seguimento de médio prazo.

OBJECTIVE: To check changes in the functional capacity of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) by testing six-minute walk test (6MWT) following two years. METHODS: A prospective cohort study where 215 patients were enrolled who underwent CABG, 13 did not meet the criteria for inclusion. 202 patients were evaluated preoperatively, 13 died during hospitalization and 6 in the follow up of two years. Four patients were considered lost follow up. This study followed 179 patients for two years classified into active and sedentary, according to physical activity in leisure time and to the 6MWT preoperatively and 2 years later. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty patients were evaluated in the day before CABGS, being 67 percent male with an average age of 63 (± 9.75) years. Before surgery and 2 years later, 52 were active and the 6MWT distances performed had been 359m (± 164.47) and 439m (± 171.34), respectively; P= 0.016. Forty five patients were classified as sedentary before and 2 years after surgery. The 6MWT distances walked before and after surgery had been 255m (± 172.15) and 376m (± 210.92), respectively; P < 0.001. Eighty two patients transited between these two groups, 71 passed from sedentary to active and had walked before and after surgery 289m (± 157.15) and 380m (± 125.44), respectively; P= 0.001. The 11 patients who were active and passed to the sedentary group walked 221m (± 191.91) and 384m (± 63.73), respectively; P= 0.007. CONCLUSION: The functional capacity of the patients submitted to CABGS had a significant improvement in a medium period of follow-up.

Efeito da atividade física de lazer no prognóstico da cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio / Effect of physical activity in leisure on the prognosis of coronary artery bypass graft surgery

OBJETIVO: Determinar o efeito da prática de atividade física no tempo livre (AFiTL) no resultado imediato da cirurgia revascularização do miocárdio (CRM). MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectivo que analisou 202 pacientes submetidos à CRM. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, ativos e sedentários, e a variável independente AFiTL praticada pelos pacientes, em relação ao ano anterior da cirurgia, foi avaliada. No pós-operatório imediato, foi verificada a ocorrência dos eventos cardíacos maiores (ECM), sendo eles morte, infarto agudo do miocárdio, reoperação e tempo de internação hospitalar. RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos pacientes foi 62 ± 10 anos, e 134 (66 por cento) eram homens. Sessenta e seis (33 por cento) pacientes praticavam AfiTL antes da CRM e foram classificados como ativos, e 136 (67 por cento) eram sedentários. O grupo de pacientes ativos apresentou 78 por cento menos probabilidade de cursar com ECM (odds ratio [OR] = 0,22; intervalo de confiança [IC] 95 por cento = 0,090,51), P< 0,001 e apresentou uma redução de 33 por cento no tempo de internação hospitalar, em comparação aos pacientes sedentários (hazard ratio [HR] = 0,67; IC 95 por cento: 0,49 - 0,93), P = 0,018. CONCLUSÃO: A prática de AFiTL é um importante preditor de eventos cardíacos maiores durante a internação hospitalar.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in the early outcome of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). METHODS: This prospective cohort study analyzed 202 patients submitted to CABG. The patients were assigned to two groups, active or sedentary, according to the practice of LTPA in the preoperative period. The independent variable LTPA practiced by the patients in the previous year of the surgery was evaluated. The occurrence of the major adverse cardiac events as death, acute myocardial infarction, reoperation and the hospital stay after surgery were planned to be evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 62 ± 10 years, and 134 (66 percent) were men. Sixty-six (33 percent) patients practiced LTPA and were classified as active, and 136 (67 percent) were sedentary. The active group showed 78 percent less probability (OR= 0.22; CI 95 percent: 0.09-0.51) to suffer a MACE P<0.001 and a reduction of 33 percent in length of hospital stay as compared for sedentary patients (HR= 0.67; IC 95 percent: 0.49 - 0.93). P= 0.018. CONCLUSION: LTPA is an important predictor of major adverse cardiac events and hospital stay.

Impacto da cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio na cessação do tabagismo / Impact of coronary artery bypass graft surgery in smoking cessation

FUNDAMENTO: Tabagismo é um importante fator de risco modificável para doença cardiovascular. Poucos estudos têm investigado a frequência da cessação de fumar entre pacientes submetidos à doença cardíaca. OBJETIVOS: Determinar a frequência da cessação de fumar em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte, de 203 pacientes consecutivos, maiores de 18 anos, submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio no período de janeiro 2006 a março de 2007, quando foram entrevistados em relação ao uso de cigarros no período pré e pós-operatório. Fumantes foram estratificados de acordo com o grau de dependência com o uso do Teste de Dependência de Fagerstrõm. Os pacientes foram seguidos durante 60 e 90 dias para avaliar uso de cigarros. RESULTADOS: A média de idade do grupo foi de 62 ± 10 anos, e 134 (66 por cento) eram homens. Antes da cirurgia, 146 (71,9 por cento) pacientes eram fumantes. Um número significativo de pacientes parou de fumar no período pós-operatório: 136 (93,15 por cento) e 137 (93,84 por cento), aos 60 e 90 dias, respectivamente, pararam de fumar depois da cirurgia. CONCLUSÃO: Cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio é um importante determinador para cessação de fumar.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is an important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Few studies have investigated the frequency of smoking cessation among patients submitted to heart surgery. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of smoking cessation in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery. METHODS: In this cohort study, 203 consecutive patients, aged above 18, submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the period from January 2006 to March 2007, were interviewed in relation to the use of cigarettes in the pre- and postoperative period. Smokers were stratified according to the levels of nicotine dependence with the use of Fagerstrõm Nicotine Dependence Test. They were followed as outpatients during 60 and 90 days for the occurrence of smoking. RESULTS: The mean age of the group was 62 ± 10 years, and 134 (66 percent) were male. Before surgery, 146 (71.9 percent) patients were smokers. A significant number of patients stopped smoking in the postoperative period: 136 (93.15 percent) and 137 (93.84 percent) on days 60 and 90, respectively, remained not smoking after surgery. CONCLUSION: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery is an important determinant of smoking cessation.

Comparação de dois modelos de estratificação de risco em pacientes eletivamente submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica / Comparison of two models of risk stratification in patients submitted to elective coronary artery bypass surgery

OBJETIVO: Comparar o Cleveland Clinical Score eo EuroSCORE na avaliação de pacientes submetidos eletivamente à CRM no Rio Grande do Sul (RS). MÉTODOS: Coorte com 202 pacientes submetidos à CRM entre janeiro de 2006 e março de 2007. O risco cirúrgico foi determinado por meio dos escores da Cleveland Clinic e do EuroSCORE como de baixo, médio e alto risco. A incidência de óbito foi aferida no intervalo de 60 dias. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos pacientes foi 62 (± 10) anos, 134 (66 por cento) eram homens. Houve correlação entre os escores da Cleveland Clinic e EuroSCORE em categorizar, respectivamente os pacientes em baixo: 142 (70,3 por cento) e 155 (76,7 por cento); médio 56 (27,7 por cento) e 43 (21,3); e alto risco 4 (2 por cento) e 4 (2 por cento) conforme o coeficiente de concordância de Kappa 0,432; P 0,001. No pós-operatório de 60 dias, 13 (6,4 por cento) pacientes morreram. Observou-se uma correlação com percentual crescente da incidência de óbitos com o aumento da categoria de risco em ambos os escores, 6 (4.4 por cento) e 7 (4,5 por cento) no baixo; 5 (8,9 por cento) e 5 (11,6 por cento) no médio; 2 (50 por cento) e 1 (25 por cento) no alto risco nos escore de Cleveland e EuroSCORE respectivamente. Observou-se sensibilidade na previsão de mortalidade cirúrgica de 72,5 por cento e 66,5 por cento para o Cleveland e EuroSCORE respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Ambos os escores de risco, da Cleveland Clinic e EuroSCORE, mostraram-se eficazes em prever mortalidade de pacientes submetidos eletivamente à CRM de forma moderada.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the Cleveland Clinical Score and EuroSCORE when evaluating patients submitted to CABGS electively in Rio Grande do Sul. METHODS: Cohort study with 202 patients submitted to CABGS between January 2006 and March 2007. Surgical risks were categorized by the Cleveland Clinic and EuroSCORE as low, medium and high risks. The incidence of deaths was measured in a 60 days interval. RESULTS: The average age of patients was 62±10 years and 134(66 percent) were men. A correlation was observed between both scores to classify patients at different levels of risk. Patients were categorized using the Cleveland Clinic and EuroSCORE respectively: 142(70.3 percent) and 155(76.7 percent) as low, 56(27.7 percent) and 43(21,3) as medium and 4(2 percent) and 4(2 percent) as high risks, with a Kaplan correlation coefficient of 0.432; p0.001. In the first sixty days after surgery, 13(6.4 percent) patients had died. A correlation between the higher incidences of death with increased category of risk was observed in the Cleveland Clinic and EuroSCORE. Deaths occurred respectively in the Cleveland and EuroSCORE: 6(4.4 percent) and 7(4.5 percent) in the low; 5(8.9 percent) and 5(11.6 percent) in the medium and 2(50 percent) 3 1(25 percent) in the high risks. Noted sensitivity in surgical mortality forecast was of 72.5 percent and 66.5 percent Cleveland and EuroSCORE respectively. CONCLUSION: The Cleveland Clinic and EuroSCORE risk scores have proven effective to evaluate risk of death in patients electively submitted to CABGS.

Papel prognóstico da prática da atividade física na cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio / The role of the practice of physical activity in the prognosis of cardiac surgery

A prática de atividade física já é aceita como uma intervenção benéfica na promoção da saúde e tem sido proposta como possível estratégia para prevenção e reabilitação cardiovascular. Dentro desse contexto, discute-se nesta revisão a influência da prática da atividade física pré-operatória, abordando evidências recentes ou ainda pouco exploradas. Foi realizada busca nas bases de dados MEDLINE e Lilacs. Os descritores utilizados foram: physical activity, physical exercise, coronary artery bypass graft, surgery, preoperatory. Apesar dos poucos estudos disponíveis, os resultados encontrados têm demonstrado uma potencial influência da prática da atividade física na redução da ocorrência de eventos cardíacos maiores, tais como morte, infarto agudo do miocárdio e reoperação. A diminuição do tempo de internação hospitalar e a redução nos custos hospitalares também têm sido observadas, sugerindo que a prática da atividade física possa ser incorporada nos programas de tratamento para pacientes em condições de realizarem exercícios físicos, no período que antecede a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. Esses resultados sugerem que atividade física possa ser utilizada no pré-operatório da cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio.

The practice of physical activity is already established as a beneficial intervention to promote health and has been proposed as a possible strategy for prevention and cardiovascular rehabilitation. In this context, this paper reviews the influence of the preoperative practice of physical activity, focusing on recent yet little explored evidence. A search was made in the MEDLINE and Lilacs databases using the following keywords: physical activity, physical exercise, coronary artery bypass graft, surgery, preoperative. Though studies are scarce, the available results show a potential influence of the practice of physical exercise in reducing the occurrence of major cardiac events such as death, acute myocardial infarction, and reoperation. Shorter hospital stays and reduced hospital costs have also been reported, suggesting that the practice of physical activity should be integrated into the treatment programs for patients who are able to do physical exercises in the period preceding coronary artery bypass graft surgery. These results show that physical activity can be used in the preoperative period of myocardial revascularization surgery.

Influence of the practice physical activity in the coronary artery bypass graft surgery results.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency changes of physical activity practice in pre- and postoperative of the patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and the frequency influence on the physical activity practice in the patients' preoperative prognosis. METHODS: Cases studies of 55 patients submitted to CABG divided into active and sedentary regarding physical activity practices. RESULTS: After CAGB, 14 (47%) patients classified as sedentary before surgery were practicing exercises (p = 0.03). Seventeen (59%) sedentary patients in the preoperative period presented complications after the surgery compared to 8 (31%) active patients (p = 0.04). The hospital length of stay among sedentary patients versus active patients before surgery was 15 (SD=8) and 12 (SD=5) days; p=0.03, respectively. CONCLUSION: The present study showed the importance of physical activity practice in the preoperative stage on the outcomes of coronary artery bypass surgery. The patients physically active had a shorter hospital length of stay and a lower number of both trans- and postoperative complications within 1 year. The cardiac surgery promoted the patients' change of habits, increasing the number of physically active patients during the 1-year follow-up.

Influência da prática da atividade física no resultado da cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica / Influence of the practice physical activity in the coronary artery bypass graft surgery results

Objetivo: Avaliar a modificação da freqüência da prática da atividade física no pré e pós-operatório dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) e influência da freqüência da prática da atividade física no prognóstico dos mesmos...

Aumento da atividade física e abandono do tabagismo em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica / Increase in physical activities and smoking cessation in patients submitted to coronary artery graft surgery

Introdução: Sedentarismo e tabagismo são importantes fatores de risco modificáveis da doença cardiovascular. Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca têm apresentado mudanças comportamentais importantes. Objetivo: Verificar o impacto da cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) em promover a diminuição do sedentarismo e abandono do tabagismo. Método: Estudo de corte com 55 pacientes, maiores de 18 anos, submetidos à CRM 12 meses antes, foram selecionados consecutivamente e entrevistados em relação a hábitos de vida. A atividade física foi caracterizada como: grupo 1: sedentário (nenhum exercício); grupo 2: moderado (exercício < 30 minutos duas vezes por semana); grupo 3: fisicamente ativo (exercício > 30 minutos três vezes por semana). Os pacientes foram caracterizados como fumantes leves, moderados e pesados quando fumavam até 10, 11 a 30 e mais de 30 cigarros por dia, respectivamente. Resultados: A média de idade do grupo foi de 66 anos. Trinta e três (60%) eram homens. No grupo, 25/55 (45,5%) pacientes praticavam exercícios antes da cirurgia e 33/55 (60%) um ano após (P = 0,096).Antes da cirurgia, 15/55 (27,3%) eram fumantes. Desses, 4 (26,7%), 7 (46,7%) e 4 (26,7%) foram classificados como fumantes leves, moderados e pesados, respectivamente. Um ano após a cirurgia 10/15 (67%) tinham abandonado o tabagismo (P = 0,002). Dos pacientes que continuaram fumando 4 (80%) eram fumantes leves e 1 (20%) era pesado. Conclusões: Pacientes submetidos à CRM apresentaram uma tendência de aumento da atividade física e maior abandono do tabagismo entre os pacientes que fumavam moderadamente

Introduction: Patients submitted to cardiac surgery have been presenting important behavioral changes in relation to sedentarism and smoking. Objectives: To verify the impact of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in the promotion of an increase in physical activities and smoking cessation. Methods: In a Cohort study, 55 patients older than 18 years old submitted to CABG more than 12 months ago were interviewed. Physical activities were characterized as following: group 1: sedentary (no exercise); group 2: moderate (exercise for less than 30 minutes twice a week); group 3: physical active (exercise for more than 30 minutes three times a week). The patients were characterized as light, moderate and heavy smoker. Results: The average age of the group was 66 years. Thirty-three (66%) were male. Twenty five out of fifty five (45.5%) were used to practicing exercise before surgery and 33 (60%) one year after surgery (P= 0.096). Before surgery 15 (27.3%) were smokers. Four (26.7%), 7 (46.7%) and 4 (26.7%) of these were classified as light, moderate and heavy smokers, respectively. One year after surgery 10/15 (67%) had stopped smoking (P<0,05). Four (80%) of these continued smoking. were lightsmokers and 1 (20%) was heavy smokers. Conclusions: Patients submitted to CABG surgery increase physical activities and smoking cessation in late pos-operative period. There is a major cessation in the group that smokes moderately

Teste de caminhada de seis minutos na avaliação pré-operatória da cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio / Six-minute walking test in preoperative assessment of myocardial revascularization surgery

A avaliação integral do paciente no período pré-operatório permite estimar melhor o risco cirúrgico, contribuindo na escolha da melhor terapia. Como parte desta avaliação, temos os testes de capacidade física e funcional. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão sobre a utilização do teste de caminhada de seis minutos na avaliação pré-operatória de pacientes que serão submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. Nesta revisão, observa-se que o teste de caminhada de seis minutos, mesmo sendo um teste submáximo, permite identificar pacientes de pior prognóstico, auxiliando na avaliação pré-operatória e na tomada de medidas terapêuticas mais adequadas para pacientes com doença arterial coronariana

Complete assessment of patients in the preoperative period allows better estimates of surgical risk, which contributes to choosing the best therapy. This assessment comprehends physical and functional capacity tests. This paper presents a review of the use of six-minute walking test in the preoperative assessment of patients who will be submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery. It was observed that the six-minute walking test, although being a submaximum test, allows the identification of patients with worse prognosis, thus contributing to preoperative assessment and choice of more suitable therapeutic actions for patients with coronary arterial disease